Everything about Abscission totally explained
Abscission (from Latin abscindere, from ab- ‘off, away’ + scindere ‘to cut’) is the shedding of a body part. It most commonly refers to the process by which a
plant intentionally drops one or more of its parts, such as a
leaf,
fruit,
flower or
seed, though the term is also used to describe the shedding of a
claw by an animal.
Use
A plant will abscise a part either to discard a member that's no longer necessary, such as a leaf during
autumn, or a flower following
fertilisation, or for the purposes of
reproduction. Most
deciduous plants drop their leaves by abscission before winter, while
evergreen plants continuously abscise their leaves. Another form of abscission is fruit drop, when a plant abscises fruit while still immature, in order to conserve resources needed to bring the remaining fruit to maturity. If a leaf is damaged a plant may also abscise it to conserve
water or
photosynthetic efficiency, depending on the 'costs' to the plant as a whole.
Types
In
deciduous trees, an abscission zone, also called a separation zone, is formed at the base of the petiole. It is composed of a top layer which has cells with weak walls, and a bottom layer which expands in the autumn, breaking the weak walls of the cells in the top layer. This allows the leaf to be shed.
In
woody plants, an abscission layer is formed composed of parenchyma cells bounded on both sides with cork. This layer is found at the base of the leaf petioles in woody angiosperms and gymnosperms and because of the disintegration of the parenchyma layer, the organ, such as a leaf or bark, is separated from the parent plant. Abscission is a natural process of plant growth induced by the plant, in contrast to
decaying or falling off due to other causes.
The liberation of a fungal spore by the withering away of an adjoining layer is also called abscission.
Hormone involvement
The gaseous plant hormone
ethylene can stimulate abscission. While researchers originally believed
abscisic acid to be the hormone that stimulated abscission (for which the hormone was named), it was later proven that it doesn't play a primary role.
Auxin is a plant hormone which can prevent the formation of abscission layers and premature fruit drop. Auxin is also believed to play a part in the shedding of leaves and their autumn color change. This happens due to continuous release of auxin in a young leaf,however, as leaves gets old and auxin supply dwindles, an abscission layer is formed and leave sheds. In woody plants preparing to shed their leaves, the abscission zone or layer cuts off the movement of auxin from the leaf blade to the leaf.
Further Information
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